Mental Health Awareness
Mental health issues are now receiving greater attention. Various psychological disorders are becoming more widely recognized, including bipolar disorder. But what exactly is bipolar disorder, and how can it be managed? Let’s explore further.
Awareness surrounding mental health has grown significantly. Seeking help from mental health professionals is no longer considered excessive — it is increasingly seen as a necessity. One of the more commonly heard disorders is bipolar disorder.
What is bipolar disorder?
Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings. It consists of two main episodes:
Manic episode – where a person experiences elevated mood, increased energy, and hyperactivity.
Depressive episode – where the individual may feel deep sadness and lack motivation for daily activities.
Symptoms
Symptoms may vary from person to person, depending on the severity and intensity of the episodes. Symptoms during manic episodes differ from those experienced during depressive episodes.
During a manic episode, a person may feel excessively happy, overly confident, and unusually energetic. They may require very little sleep and still feel energized. Rapid speech and racing thoughts are also common.
Impulsive behaviours can also occur, such as excessive shopping or making major decisions without proper consideration. A person may also exhibit changes in appearance, such as wearing unusually bright or attention-grabbing clothing.
During a depressive episode, individuals may feel extremely sad or hopeless. They may avoid all activities, preferring to stay in their room and isolate themselves.
Fatigue, difficulty concentrating (at work or school), and feelings of worthlessness are common. In severe cases, suicidal thoughts may occur.
There may also be mixed episodes, where symptoms of both mania and depression occur simultaneously — for example, feeling deeply distressed while having excessive energy.
Risk Factors
Several factors can increase the risk of developing bipolar disorder:
Genetics: A family history of bipolar disorder or other mental health disorders increases the risk.
Neurochemical imbalance: Abnormal levels of brain chemicals such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine may influence mood regulation.
Past trauma and high stress: Psychological trauma and chronic stress can disrupt emotional stability and trigger symptoms.
Substance use: Alcohol or certain drugs may act as triggers or worsen existing symptoms.
Diagnosis
1. Medical Interview (Anamnesis)
Initial assessment includes a comprehensive interview to gather relevant information regarding symptoms, duration, episode type, and risk factors. This information is essential for establishing an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.
2. Physical Examination
The physician will assess vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. These are often within normal limits during the early stages.
According to the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders):
Bipolar I involve at least one full manic episode lasting at least 7 days, often accompanied by major depressive episodes.
Bipolar II involves at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode.
Cyclothymic disorder includes chronic mood fluctuations for more than 2 years that do not meet the criteria for mania or major depression.
3. Supporting Examinations
Additional tests may be recommended to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions. Blood tests, for example, may be used to exclude physiological causes.
Treatment
The goal of bipolar disorder management is to stabilize mood and prevent future manic or depressive episodes. Treatment usually involves pharmacotherapy, which may include:
Mood stabilizers
Antipsychotic medications
Antidepressants
Sedatives (if needed)
Medication selection and combinations depend on the patient's individual needs and the severity of their condition.
Psychotherapy may also be provided, including:
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy
Family-Focused Therapy
Psychoeducation
Other supportive therapies may be added depending on accompanying symptoms.
Lifestyle adjustments are essential. A balanced diet, regular physical activity, and relaxation techniques can help maintain emotional stability.
Mental health recovery is often a long-term process. Regular follow-ups are crucial to evaluate progress and adjust medications or therapy plans as needed.
Prevention
Preventive measures include:
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with balanced nutrition and regular exercise
Managing stress levels and seeking professional help in the presence of unresolved trauma
Practicing relaxation techniques
If there is a family history of mental health disorders, including bipolar disorder, routine mental health screenings are strongly recommended. Early detection is key to minimizing the impact on daily functioning and quality of life.
Avoid alcohol and illicit drugs, as these substances can trigger or worsen bipolar symptoms. For those already undergoing treatment, consistent medication uses and regular consultations are essential.
Complications
If left untreated, bipolar disorder can severely affect productivity and impair one's ability to work or study. It may lead to anxiety, chronic depression, and suicidal ideation.
Beyond mental health, prolonged bipolar symptoms may also affect physical well-being — increasing the risk of conditions like hypertension and heart disease due to chronic stress.
Unstable mood not only affects the individual but also others around them. Impulsive behaviours during manic episodes can result in reckless driving, confrontations, and even legal or interpersonal conflicts.
When to See a doctor
If signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder are present, it is strongly advised to consult a psychologist or psychiatrist. Early intervention can significantly improve outcomes and help stabilize mood.
This is especially important if there is a family history of mental health issues. Ongoing monitoring and professional support are essential for optimal mental health.
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